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00036462




UNIVERSITE PARIS X NANTERRE

U.F.R DES SCIENCES PSYCHOLOGIQUES

ET DES SCIENCES DE L’EDUCATION


Jugement de responsabilité

le poids de l’histoire, des stéréotypes et des émotions.





Thèse de Doctorat


Pour obtenir le grade de


Docteur de l’Université Paris X

En Lettres et Sciences Humaines

Mention Psychologie


Présentée et soutenue publiquement par

Karen DOUCHET

Juillet 2003




DIRECTEUR DE THESE

Patrick GOSLING, Professeur à l’université Paris X Nanterre


MEMBRES DU JURY

Willem DOISE, Professeur à l’université de Genève

Gérard GUINGOUIN, Maître de conférences à l’université de Rennes II

Georges SCHADRON, Professeur à l’université de Nice-Sofia-Antipolis

Alain SOMAT, Professeur à l’université de Rennes II

Sommaire


Introduction générale

6

Chapitre I. Premier axe : Identité, Histoire et Jugement de responsabilité

I. Le concept de responsabilité : définitions

7

1. Responsabilité et causalité

8

2. Responsabilité et justification

10

II. Concept de responsabilité : la question de la fonction sociale

11

III. Modèles attributionnels de responsabilité et l’hypothèse acteur - observateur

13

IV. Modèles attributionnels de responsabilité, théorie de l’excuse et théorie de l’identité sociale

1. Théorie de l’excuse

15

2. Théorie de l’identité sociale : une première alternative ou le biais de favoritisme intra - groupe

16

3. Théorie de l’identité sociale : une seconde alternative ou l’effet brebis galeuse

18

4. Phénomène d’identification et sentiment de culpabilité collective

21

V. Mise en place d’une étude quasi-expérimentale confrontant les concepts d’identité, de responsabilité et de culpabilité.

1. Introduction

22

2. Rappels historiques.

23

Jugements de responsabilité et de culpabilité : le poids de l’histoire.

I. Introduction

25

II. Hypothèses

26

III. Présentation de l’étude : résultats et discussion

28

Résumé des principaux résultats

39

Chapitre II. Second axe : Identité, stéréotype et jugement de responsabilité

1. Le modèle triangulaire de la responsabilité

44

2. Concept de blâme

48

3. Lien entre le modèle triangulaire et le stéréotype : notion de rôle et d’identité

50

4. Stéréotype de genre et effets de sexe sur le jugement

51

5. Stéréotype de l’orientation sexuelle : une autre source de discrimination

53

6. Les biais dans le jugement : le cas du stéréotype

6.1. Stéréotype et processus de discrimination

55

6.2. Notion de consistance et d’inconsistance du stéréotype : une influence modérée sur le processus de discrimination

58

6.3. Facteur motivationnel modérant les biais inférentiels dans le jugement : le cas de la justification

59

7. Mise en place d’une étude quasi-expérimentale confrontant les notions d’identité, de responsabilité et de blâme

61

Jugements de responsabilité et de blâme : le poids des stéréotypes

I. Introduction

64

II. Hypothèses théoriques

III. Présentation de l’étude : résultats et discussion

65

Résumé des principaux résultats

75

Chapitre III. Troisième axe : Emotions et Jugement de responsabilité

I. L’affect et le jugement social

80

1. Le modèle de l’infusion de l’affect sur le jugement social

81

2. Le modèle de l’infusion de l’affect sur les jugements inférentiels

84

3. Extension du modèle de l’infusion de l’affect sur les jugements sociaux : la spécificité des humeurs

85

II. Les émotions et le jugement social : la spécificité de la colère

86

1. L’approche sociale et fonctionnelle des émotions

88

2. La colère et les jugements de responsabilité et de blâme : le modèle du procureur intuitif

90

III. Mise en place de trois études expérimentales confrontant les notions d’émotion, de responsabilité, de blâme et de punition.

93

Jugements de responsabilité, de blâme et de punition : le poids des émotions

I. Introduction

97

II. Hypothèses

98

III. Présentation de l’étude 1 : résultats et discussion

99

Résumé des principaux résultats

112

IV. Présentation de l’étude 2 : résultats et discussion

116

Résumé des principaux résultats

129

V. Présentation de l’étude 3 : résultats et discussion

132

Résumé des principaux résultats

143

VI. Présentation de l’étude 4 : résultats et discussion

146

Résumé des principaux résultats

158

Tableau récapitulatif

162

Le modèle du procureur intuitif en milieu carcéral : études exploratoires

I.Introduction

1.Particularités du lieu d’investigation

1.1. Une maison d’arrêt semi-privée

163

1.2. Les principaux services d’une maison d’arrêt : santé, formation professionnelle et travail

164

2. Mise en place d’études expérimentales dans une maison d’arrêt

2.1. Phase de reconnaissance du milieu

2.2. Phase de recherche

166

II. Présentation de l’étude 1 : résultats et discussion

168

Résumé des principaux résultats

183

III. Présentation de l’étude 2 : résultats et discussion

186

Résumé des principaux résultats

201

III. Présentation de l’étude 3 : résultats et discussion

206

Résumé des principaux résultats

219

Tableau récapitulatif

225

Conclusion générale

226

Bibliographie

230

Annexes

245


Je pensai que, pour ce que nous avons tous été enfants avant que d’être hommes, et qu’il nous a fallu longtemps être gouvernés par nos appétits et nos précepteurs, qui étaient souvent contraires les uns aux autres, et qui, ni les uns ni les autres, ne nous conseillaient peut-être pas toujours le meilleur, il est presque impossible que nos jugements soient si purs, ni si solides qu’ils auraient été si nous avions eu l’usage entier de notre raison dès le point de notre naissance, et que nous n’eussions jamais été conduits que par elle.



René DESCARTES, Discours de la méthode, 1637.

Introduction générale



Animés par une approche psychosociale expérimentale, notre objectif est de rendre compte de la façon dont nous jugeons les actes d’un individu accusé de crimes contre l’humanité, de meurtre ou de négligence dans des contextes qui font respectivement appel à l’histoire d’un pays, à la perception stéréotypée d’un criminel et à la colère que peut susciter une justice défaillante. Nous nous posons la question de savoir si, dans de tels contextes, nous raisonnons selon une démarche de juriste en suivant les concepts légaux de responsabilité et de culpabilité (Hart et Honoré, 1985) issus des modèles de l’attribution et de la cognition sociale (Fincham et Jaspars, 1980 ; Hilton et Slugoski, 1986 ; Kahneman et Miller, 1986)  ou si notre jugement est fonction de notre groupe d’appartenance, de celui de l’accusé (Tajfel, 1972 ; Turner & al., 1979) et de nos émotions (Frijda & Mesquita, 1994 ; Forgas, 1994 ; Goldberg, Lerner & Tetlock, 1999). Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux processus attributionnels de responsabilité, de culpabilité, de blâme et de punition sur lesquels nous présumons l’influence de l’identité sociale, des stéréotypes qui y sont associés et des émotions qui en émergent. Nous pensons, en effet, qu’une recherche de cohérence entre des faits et l’identité d’un présumé coupable est source de catégorisation et par-là même favorise le recours à un stéréotype pour le jugement qui s’ensuit. En suivant ce raisonnement, l’amorçage d’un stéréotype négatif contribuerait à considérer l’accusé responsable, coupable et blâmable et à lui attribuer, en conséquence, une sanction. De plus, nous estimons que cet amorçage suscite des émotions négatives parmi lesquelles la colère pourrait remplir une fonction sociale en prédisant la sévérité des jugements portant sur d’autres transgressions immédiates ou futures. C’est donc sur la base des modèles attributionnels, du modèle triangulaire de Schlenker, Britt, Pennington, Murphy et Doherty (1994) et du modèle du procureur intuitif de Goldberg et al. (1999) que nous avons mené nos études qui s’inscrivent dans une perspective de laboratoire et de terrain. Nous considérons, en effet, que la démarche du psychologue social expérimental peut se satisfaire à la fois de situations fictives et de situations naturelles. Nos études exploratoires en milieu carcéral témoignent de l’intérêt qu’il y a de mener ces deux attitudes de recherche de front.

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